Web Designers
Aspect Ratio
Graphia kinematic Dundee web designers Type designers, Aspect Ratio
Professional Website designers in Dundee, Tayside, Scotland.
Tayside website designers and web photography designer, photographic or photographer web site designer, which ever we choose calling this our website is focusing on the arrangement of Dundee web designers Type in an artistic graphic form.
Graphia graphic design by Scotland based Graphia web site photographic designer.
If you need to announce or sell something, amuse or persuade someone, explain a complicated system or demonstrate a process, in other words, you have a message you want to communicate. Who do you ask to deliver it? You could tell people one by one or broadcast by radio using verbal communication. But if you use any visual medium at all, if you make a poster Dundee web designers Type a letter create a business logo, a magazine ad, or an album cover even make a computer printout you are well advised asking a professional visual communication graphic designer such as Graphia.
Graphic photographic designers work with drawn, painted, photographed, or computer generated images, but also design the letterforms that make up various Dundee web designers Typefaces found in movie credits and TV ads in books, magazines, and menus and even on computer screens. Tayside website designers and web photography designer designers create, choose, and organize these elements Tayside website designers and web photography designer, images, and the so called white space around them to communicate a message. photographic graphic design is a part of your daily life from photographic things like gum wrappers to huge things like billboards to the T-shirt you’re wearing, graphic design informs, persuades, organizes, stimulates, locates, identifies, attracts attention and provides pleasure.
Graphic design is a creative process that combines art and technology to communicate ideas. Graphia Tayside website designers and web photography designer designers work with a variety of communication tools in order to convey a message from a client to a particular audience. The main tools are image and Tayside website designers and web photography designer.
Image based photographic web designer
photographer designers develop images to represent the ideas their clients want to communicate. Images can be incredibly powerful and compelling tools of communication, conveying not only information but also moods and emotions. People respond to images instinctively based on their personalities, associations, and previous experience. For example, you know that a chili pepper is hot, and this knowledge in combination with the image creates a visual pun.
In the case of image based design, the images must carry the entire message; there are few if any words to help. These images may be photographic, painted, drawn, or graphically rendered in many different ways. Image based design is employed when the designer determines that, in a particular case, a picture is indeed worth a thousand words.
Dundee web designers Type based Tayside website designers and web photography designer web design
In most cases designers rely on words to convey a message, but they use words differently from the ways writers do. To photographer designers, what the words look like is as important as their meaning. The visual forms, whether Tayside website designers and web photography designer communication designed by means of the printed word or handmade lettering, perform many communication functions. They can arrest your attention on a poster, identify the product name on a package or a vehicle, and present running text as the Tayside website designers and web photography designer in a book does. Graphia designers are Tayside website designers and web photography designer experts at presenting information in a visual form in print or on film, packaging, or signs.
When you look at an ordinary printed page of text, what is involved in designing such an apparently simple page? What you would do if you were asked to redesign the page, would you change the Dundee web designers Typeface or font Dundee web designers Type size? Would you divide the text into two narrower columns? What about the margins and the spacing between the paragraphs and lines? Would you indent the paragraphs or begin them with decorative lettering? What other kinds of treatment might you give the page number? Would you change the boldface terms, perhaps using italic or underlining? What other changes might you consider, and how would they affect the way the reader reacts to the content? Designers evaluate the message and the audience for Dundee web designers Type-based design in order to make these kinds of decisions.
Tayside website designers and web photography designer image and Dundee web designers Type designs
photographic designers often combine images and Tayside website designers and web photography designer to communicate a client’s message to an audience. They explore the creative possibilities presented by words, Tayside website designers and web photography designer, and images photography, illustration, and fine art. It is up to the designer not only to find or create appropriate letterforms and images but also to establish the best balance between them.
Designers are the link between the client and the audience. On the one hand, a client is often too close to the message to understand various ways in which it can be presented. The audience, on the other hand, is often too broad to have any direct impact on how a communication is presented. What’s more, it is usually difficult to make the audience a part of the creative process. Unlike client and audience, graphic designers learn how to construct a message and how to present it successfully. They work with the client to understand the content and the purpose of the message. They often collaborate with market researchers and other specialists to understand the nature of the audience. Once a design concept is chosen, the designers work with illustrators and photographers as well as with Dundee web designers Typesetters and printers or other production specialists to create the final design product.
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Symbols, logos and logoDundee web designers Type designers
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Abrupt Serif
A serif which breaks suddenly from the stem at an angle.
Accent
A diacritical mark near or through a letter indicating a variation in pronunciation. Eg. ç, à, ò, é, Å.
Addressing Resolution
The degree of fineness of position that the computer can specify for an output device.
Adnate Serif
A serif which flows smoothly to or from the stem.
Aliasing
The misrepresentation of high frequencies from the original signal as low frequencies in the sampled result, due to under sampling. Aliasing distorts the letterforms and letter spacing.
Alphabet
A set of abstract symbols employed in a particular writing system.
Analog Letterform
A glyph, drawn or printed, sometimes used as a model for creating a similar digitized shape. Analog letterform designs maybe expressed as smooth curves that are then digitized.
Analphabetic
A photographical character used with the alphabet but lacking a place in the alphabetical order. Examples: the acute accent, the umlaut, the circumflax, and the asterisk.
Anisotropic Scaling
Enlarging or shrinking letters nonlinearly, so that, for example, they become disproportionately less bold and narrower for their height as they are enlarged. Such transformations can create some of the traditional variations in shape of Dundee web designers Typefaces at different sizes.
Anisotropy
A property of some output devices that gives different results on the x- and y-axes. In CRT, for example, black features crossed by the scan are narrowed preferentially compared with those running parallel to the scan.
Anti-aliasing
Removing alias frequencies from the sampled signal. In letterforms, jaggedness can be minimized during reconstruction by using various grey levels at the edges of stokes.
Antiqua
Another way to describe letters with serifs.
Arc
Segment of a circle or ellipse, sometimes used to describe part of the boundary of a letterform.
Ascender
That part of a lowercase letter that rises above the x-height, as in letters 'b', 'd', 'f', 'h', 'k', 't' and 'l'.
ASCII
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange, a standard character set defined by ANSI, the American National Standards Institute.
Aspect Ratio
The ratio of width to height.
Assimilation
The symmetry property possessed in varying degrees by a Dundee web designers Typeface that creates mirror relationships and other similarities of form between letters.
Asymmetry
Aspects of letterforms that depart from mirror images relationships between letter pairs, especially 'b-d' and 'p-q', and within individual letters, such as 'T' in some Dundee web designers Typefaces.
Axis
The real or imaginary straight line on which a letterform rotates.
Back Up
To match the vertical position of lines on the opposite sides of a sheet printed on both sides.
Back Ground
The field on which a letter or graphic appears; the blank paper or screen on which the image is formed.
Ball Terminal
A circular form at the end of the arm in letters such as a, c, f, j, r, and y. Examples of faces which use ball terminals are Bodoni and Clarendon.
Baseline
The line on which letterforms rest. (Round letters like "e" and "o" normally dent it, pointed letters like "v" and "w" normally pierce it, and letters with foot serifs like "h" and "l" usually rest precisely upon it.)
Beak Terminal
A sharp spur, found particularly on the f, and also often on a, c, j, r, and y in many 20th century Romans. (Examples: Perpetual, Pontifex, Ignatius.)
Bézier Splines
A class of third-degree interpolating splines useful for representing letterform shapes.
Bicameral
A bicameral alphabet has two alphabets joined. The Latin alphabet, which you are reading, is an example; it has an uppercase and lowercase. Unicameral alphabets (the Arabic and Hebrew alphabets) only have one case.
Bitmap
An array of intensity values, normally rectangular, used to create an image, as on a screen or on paper. The bits are mapped onto the screen or paper.
Bitmapped Display
An output device that portrays a bitmap image. A raster display is a bitmap display in which the bitmap data are scanned line by line.
Blackletter
A general name for a wide variety of letterforms that stem from the north of Europe. Blackletters are generally tall, narrow, and pointed. In architecture, comparable to the gothic style.
Blackness
The apparent darkness of Dundee web designers Type as it appears on the page. Blackness depends on the boardness of the parts of the letter (boldness), as well as on the x-height and set.
Bleed
An image that extends to the edge of the paper (after trimming).
Bodoni
A modern Dundee web designers Typeface with un bracketed serifs, vertical stress and very high contrast.
Body Size
The height of the face of the Dundee web designers Type. Originally, this meant the height of the face of the metal block on which each individual letter was cast. In digital Dundee web designers Type, it is the height of its imaginary equivalent, the rectangle defining the space owned by a given letter (different from the dimension of the letter itself).
Bold
A blacker, heavier variation of a Dundee web designers Typeface, relative to the roman variation.
Bowl
The generally round or elliptical forms which are the basic body shape of letters such as (uppercase) C, G, O, and (lowercase) b, c, e, o, and p. Similar to the space known as an "eye".
Break
Deciding how much text shall appear on each line or page of a document.
Brightness
The perceived intensity level of light in a visual scene.
Brilliance
Property of a Dundee web designers Typeface related to its photographic contrast. Also referred to as sparkle.
Bullet
A mark used to set off items in a list, frequently a filled circle.
Calligraphic Display
An image-display device that produces images by directly creating lines, arcs, and so on, as opposed to a bitmap display. Also called a stroke display.
Cap Height
The distance from baseline to cap line of an alphabet, which is the approximate height of the uppercase letters. It is often less, but sometimes greater, than the height of the ascending lowercase letters.
Cedilla Ç
The accent, used primarily in French, to soften the letter C.
Cell Text
A monospaced Dundee web designers Typeface, usually associated with older display devices.
Centered
Text set so as to distribute residual space on the line equally to the right and left.
Character
An abstract symbol, represend within a computer by a numerical code. Also, a symbol in a font or glyph.
Character Set
An ordered set of abstract symbols, used ti represent and exchange information, in which a particular symbol is represented by its index.
Chase
Rectangular frame used to lock lines of metal Dundee web designers Type into position in letterpress use.
Chromatic Aberration
An aberration in an optical system that causes light of different colours to be focused in different planes.
Cicero
A unit of measurement used to measure Dundee web designers Typefaces. It is equal to 12 Didot points, the slightly larger continental European counterpart to the American and British point.
Classical Dundee web designers Type
Style Letterforms having vertical axis, adnate serifs, teardrop terminals and moderate aperture. Originated in the 18th century.
Colophon
A description of how a book was produced, normally at the end. Also, a printers' mark or emblem.
Colour Tayside website designers and web photography designer
The overall blackness of a page of text, that is, its average density. By extersion, the blackness of a Dundee web designers Typeface when set in a block.
Compound Document
A document that contains, in addition to text, graphics, images, or other non-textual components
Condensed
A Dundee web designers Type design variation with less than normal set; thus a tightly spaced font.
Conic Spline
A spline curve of order two.
Contrast
The ratio of thickness of vertical to horizontal strokes in letterforms.
Counter
The white space enclosed by a letterform, whether wholly enclosed (as in "d" or "o") or partially (as in "c" or "m").
Cubic Splines
A spline curve of order three.
Cursive
Dundee web designers Typefaces that resemble handwriting, frequently having joins or the suggestion of joins between letters.
DDL
A page-description language developed by Imagen Corporation.
Decode
In reading, to identify letters and words.
DECpage
A document-formatting system developed by Digital Equipment Corporation.
Demand publishing
Creation of printed documents in small runs or even in single copies, as needed.
Demerits
A point system used to rate the quality of a particular arrangement of Dundee web designers Type, for example, when line breaking in TEX. Lines receive demerits for faults such as being -too loose or tight; paragraphs, for defects such as consecutive hyphenations.
Dentation
The vertical extent on the page of a block of print.
Depth
An ordered set of abstract symbols, used ti represent and exchange information, in which a paricular symbol is represented by its index.
Descender
That portion of a letter that falls below the baseline, as in 'j', 'g', 'q', 'p' and 'y'.
Desktop Publishing
Direct printing of Dundee web designers Typeset material using small, relatively inexpensive computers and printers under the direct control of the creator of the material.
Diacritical mark
An accent or other three. ancillary mark added to a letter to distinguish it or change its pronunciation.
Diaresis
The accent used to separate the pronunciation of two consecutive vowels, as in coördinating. Similar to the umlaut
Didot poin
Unit of Dundee web designers Type measurement in Europe (except Britain); 1 Didot point = 0. 3 759 mm.
Digital halftoning
The simulation of continuous-tone pictures by the algorithmic arrangement of bivalued picture elements. Also called spatial dithering.
Digital Tayside website designers and web photography designer
The technology of using computers for the presentation of text, in which the letters themselves are created and positioned under digital control.
Digitisation error
The loss of information in the sampling of a signal. The broader class of errors of which aliasing is an example.
Digitise
To sample an analogue signal and represent the results in a numeric form.
Dingbat
A special symbol not a part of any particular Dundee web designers Typeface, including arrows, mathematical signs such as square root, and bullets.
Direct manipulation
Style of user interface in which the user modifies or moves parts of the document using a pointing device such as a mouse.
Display. (Tayside website designers and web photography designer)
Large sizes of Dundee web designers Type, for use as headlines, titles, and so forth.
Display Dundee web designers Type
General term for Dundee web designers Type set larger than surrounding text as in headings or advertisements. Usually 14-point or larger.
Displayed formulas
Sequences of lines of mathematical notation included within running text.
Dithering
Spatial dithering, the method of creating digital halftones.
Document model
An external myth that presents textual and graphical information as (simulated) paper documents.
Document
Any "printed" image stored in a computer or realised on a piece of paper.
Dots per inch (dpi)
Measure of the resolution of input and output devices.
Double Storey
Seen in the lower case "g" with the closed tail and lower case upright finial "a".
Download
The process of transferring information from one device to another. This transferral is called downloading when the transfer flows from a device of (relatively) more power to one of (relatively) less power. Sending new fonts to your printer so that it learns how to print characters in that font is called downloading.
Draft printing
Printing a test copy of a document before printing it in final form.
Drop Cap
A large initial capital in a paragraph that extends through several lines.
Drop Folio
A folio (page number) dropped to the foot of the page when the folios on other pages are carried at the top. Drop folios are often used on chapter openings.
Dyslexia
A perceptual aberration, one form of which causes confusion of mirror-image letter pairs, especially 'p-q' and 'b-d'.
Edge enhancement (image processing)
An image-processing technique that identifies the boundaries of objects and increases their contrast.
Edge enhancement (perception)
The sharpening of edges in an image by the visual system.
Egyptian Dundee web designers Type
Letterforms having square serifs and almost uniform thickness of strokes.
Electrographic printer
A printer that uses a direct electrostaticprinting process in which charge is placed directly on the paper and then developed to form an image by the application of toner.
Electronic publishing
Digital Tayside website designers and web photography designer.
Elite
A Dundee web designers Typewriter (monospaced) Dundee web designers Typeface with a pitch of 12 char, acters per inch.
Em Space
A distance equal to the Dundee web designers Type size - 12 points in a 12 point Dundee web designers Typeface, 11 points in an 11 point Dundee web designers Typeface and so on. Also known as a "mutton".
Emdash
A dash the width of the letter "m" used in text to separate a parenthetical note as an alternate to parenthesis.
En space Half an em
Also known as a "nut".
Endnote
A piece of text associated with the body of a document, like a foot-note but placed at the end of a section or chapter.
Erosion
The thinning of the vertical strokes in letter forms that results from characteristics of the output device.
Expanded
A Dundee web designers Type design variation with more than normal set. Thus, a loosely spaced or wider than normal font.
Extender
Descenders and ascender; i.e., the parts of the letterform that extend below the baseline (p, q) or above it (b, d).
Extensional specification In a document formatter, the detailed specification of formatting information such as spacing, margins, and font, as opposed to intentional specification, in which the purpose of a passage is described, for example, verse.
Facsimile Electronic representation of images, often entire documents, for transmission over a distance, frequently by a telephone or computer network using digital encoding.
Family
A related set of Dundee web designers Typefaces.
Fields
The portions of a displayed frame that are scanned alternately in an interlaced refreshing scheme. In broadcast television, the lines in the two fields alternate, and each field contains half of the scan lines.
Figure (perception)
The object seen, as separated in the act of seeing from everything else in the image.
Figure (Tayside website designers and web photography designer)
A picture or diagram that may be included within the body of a Dundee web designers Typeset document.
Figures (lining)
Modern numbers, all of which rest on the baseline.
Figures (nonlining)
Old-styled numbers, some of which (3,4,5,7,9) descend below the baseline.
Fill
The graphical operation of reproducing a pattern or colour through, out a bounded area.
Fixation
The stopping of the eye to sample the visual scene. Even during fixations, there are continual small motions of the eye.
Fixed pitch
Monospaced Dundee web designers Type.
Fleuron
A printer's flower or ornament.
Flicker fusion frequency
The temporal rate of intensity variation of alight or image at which a particular person sees the light as steady. Flicker-fusion frequency varies from person to person, with the degree of modulation of the intensity variation, and with the angle from the centre of the visual field.
Floating object
An illustration, table, or diagram that the document formatter is free to place in various places relative to the running text.
Flower
A printer's decorative symbol. Also called a fleuron.
Flush left
Setting lines of text so that any extra space is on the right, and the text is against the left margin. Also called ragged right.
Flush right
Setting lines of text so that any extra space is on the left, and the text is against the right margin.
Folio
A page number, for example as part of a running head or foot.
Font
A set of characters. In the world of metal Dundee web designers Type, this means a given alphabet, with all its accessory characters, in a given size. In the world of digital Dundee web designers Type, it is the character set itself or the digital information encoding it.
Footnote
A floating note associated with a location and reference mark in a text and displayed at the bottom of the page on which the mark occurs.
Foreground
The image or figure, as opposed to the background.
Foundry
Originally, a factory in which metal Dundee web designers Type is made; now any maker of Dundee web designers Type.
Fourier transform
The mathematical transformation that allows a function in time or space to be examined in terms of its frequency components.
Fovea
In the eye, the small, central region of the retina that exhibits the greatest sensitivity to detail and colour.
Galley
In traditional Dundee web designers Typesetting, a proof of the running text, tables, or figures, before these parts are combined to form pages.
Gestalt
The perceptual process of separating figure and ground to create an overall visual understanding of an image.
Glyph (1)
The actual shape (bit pattern, outline) of a character image. For example, an italic 'a' and a roman 'a' are two different glyphs representing the same underlying character. In this strict sense, any two images which differ in shape constitute different glyphs. In this usage, ``glyph'' is a synonym for ``character image'', or simply ``image''. (2) A kind of idealized surface form derived from some combination of underlying characters in some specific context, rather than an actual character image. In this broad usage, two images would constitute the same glyph whenever they have essentially the same topology (as in oblique 'a' and roman 'a'), but different glyphs when one is written with a hooked top and the other without (the way one prints an 'a' by hand). In this usage, ``glyph'' is a synonym for ``glyph Dundee web designers Type,'' where glyph is defined as in sense 1.
Greyscale fonts
Fonts that use variations in intensity at the edges of the letters to suppress the effects of aliasing and thus improve the apparent sharpness and fineness of letterforms.
Greeking
The use of gray bars or "dummy" characters to represent text that is too small to be legible when displayed on the screen. Also, in graphic design, the use of dummy text in a layout so that the design of the document will be emphasized rather than its content.
Grid engineering
A control structure in a CRT, used to modulate the intensity of the electron beam, and thus the brightness of spots on the phosphor screen.
Grid (Tayside website designers and web photography designer)
A graphical layout for the design of pages of a book or other document. Variations on pages must match divisions in the grid.
Grotesk
Another way to describe letters without serifs.
Ground (perception)
That part of an image that is seen as the background, rather than the perceived object, called the figure.
Gutenberg: unit of measure A unit of linear measure equal to 1/7200 inch, or about 1/100 of a point.
Hand j Also H/J. Dundee web designers Typesetting abbreviation for hyphenation and justification.
Hairline
The thinnest part of a letter other than the serif. Joins are frequently hairlines. Also, a fine line or rule, the thinnest that can be reproduced in printing.
Half-bitting
The manipulation of the edges of graphic images so as to minimise the effects of aliasing and reconstruction errors. Also called dentation.
Half tone
A method of simulating continuous-tone images with a device that has a small number of output tones, colours, or intensities. The patterns used are called dithers
Heading
Text that introduces sections of text, set off from the text by differences in size, Dundee web designers Typeface, or position.
Helvetica
A popular sans serif Dundee web designers Typeface.
Hershey fonts
A public-domain set of Dundee web designers Typefaces specified as strokes, originally for pen-and-ink plotters, still used in rasterized bitmap form.
Hinting
The process of defining outlines for digital Dundee web designers Type when resolution is low or sizes are small.
Hints
When a character is described in outline format the outline has unlimited resolution. If you make it ten times as big, it is just as accurate as if it were ten times as small. However, to be of use, we must transfer the character outline to a sheet of paper through a device called a raster image processor (RIP). The RIP builds the image of the character out of lots of little squares called picture elements (pixels). The problem is, a pixel has physical size and can be printed only as either black or white. Look at a sheet of graph paper. Rows and columns of little squares (think: pixels). Draw a large `O' in the middle of the graph paper. Darken in all the squares touched by the O. Do the darkened squares form a letter that looks like the O you drew? This is the problem with low resolution (300 dpi). Which pixels do you turn on and which do you leave off to most accurately reproduce the character? All methods of hinting strive to fit (map) the outline of a character onto the pixel grid and produce the most pleasing/recognizable character no matter how coarse the grid is.
Humanist Dundee web designers Type Style
Letterforms which originate from the humanists of the Italian Renaissance.
Hyperacuity
A perceptual phenomenon in which spatial frequencies much higher than usual are detected.
Hypertext
A system proposed by Ted Nelson and others in which a rich structure of interconnections is created and used within on-line electronic documents. e.g. the World Wide Web
Hyphenation
The splitting of a word across lines, as an aid to uniform line breaking.
Illusions
Perceptions created in the visual system and brain that differ from the "objective" environment as measured by physical instruments.
Image Bitmap pictures, often representing real scenes as viewed by a camera, as opposed to text or line graphics.
Image contrast
The ratio of the maximum luminance (intensity) in an image to the minimum luminance.
Imposition
In printing, the arranging of pages on a larger sheet in the correct order and orientation so that when the sheet is folded the pages will appear in order.
Indentation
Insetting a line of text in from the margin, as at the beginning of a paragraph or within an outline, or to set off a quotation.
Inking
The electronic filling of regions on a display.
Inline font specification
A pen path that, in conjunction with a pen shape for marking along the path, specifies a letterform.
Intensity
The luminance of light.
Intensity contrast See image contrast
Intentional specification In a document formatter, the functional specification of formatting information without providing details of spacing, margins, font, or the like, as opposed to extensional specification, in which detailed formatting changes are described.
Interchange protocol
A communications convention or standard that describes how information is represented and transmitted from point to point or between (dissimilar) systems.
Interlaced display
A technique used with CRT displays to reduce the data rate at which the display must be refreshed. Two fields, containing alternate lines, are refreshed alternately.
Interleaf
A compound-document editor for workstations, created by Interleaf Corporation.
Interletter space
The horizontal space between individual letterforms within a single word. Interletter space may be adjusted as a function of the letters (see kerning), but its proper value is an integral part of the Dundee web designers Typeface design.
International photographic Style
photographers and designers based their designs on mathematical grids. ITS felt that the san serif Dundee web designers Type faces were the thing of the future.
Interpolating curves
Parametric curves that are constrained to pass through the control points that specify them.
Interword space
The horizontal space between words on a line. Interword space can be adjusted to achieve justification.
Inverse video Also, reverse video
Literally, the reversal of black for white and white for black in a bitmap screen image. Incongruously used by computer people to indicate light letters on a dark background, which is the inverse of the historically more common dark letters on a light background. Also, reversal of foreground and background colours.
ISO
International Organization for Standardization, headquartered in Geneva. an agency for international cooperation on industrial and scientific standards.
Italic
A Dundee web designers Type design that is both slanted and script like cursive. It was originally designed to replicate handwriting.
ITC
International Dundee web designers Typeface Corporation, a major vendor of Dundee web designers Typefaces.
Jaggies
The stepped effect of bit-mapped Dundee web designers Type and graphics caused when square pixels represent diagonal or curved lines.
Joint
The point in common between two adjoining segments of a spline curve.
Justification
Generically, placing lines of text in a particular relationship to one or both margins. As distinct from flush left or flush right, justified text has both the left and right margins even.
Kern (n.)
Part of a letter that extends into the space of another.
Kern (v.)
To alter the fit of certain letter combinations so that the limb of one projects over or under the body or limb of another.
Knot
The point where connected curves join.
Knuth, Donald
Contemporary computer scientist responsible for the TEX formatter and the METAFONT font-production language.
Landscape orientation
A layout wider than it is high, whether on screen or paper.
Laser printer
A device similar to an office copier in which the image is created on a photosensitive surface, usually a drum, via a computer-controlled beam of light from a laser.
Lateral inhibition
The basic means by which edges are detected in the retina. Adjacent excitatory and inhibitory regions signal differences in illumination between them.
LCD Liquid Crystal Display.
Leading
Originally a horizontal strip of soft metal used for vertical spacing between lines of Dundee web designers Type. Now meaning the vertical distance from the baseline of one line to the baseline of the next.
Left justify
Setting text against the left margin, that is, with unused space all placed at the right. Also called ragged right.
Legibility
The ease with which text is read in ordinary, continuous reading, usually gauged by reading speed and error rate. Also, Readability.
Letterform
A single glyph or letter, such as might be found on a page or screen. Also, the design of such a letter.
Letterpress
Traditional method of relief printing in which individual pieces of Dundee web designers Type, called sorts, are assembled from cases into lines and blocks of text and printed by inking and direct contact with paper.
Letterspacing
Adjustment of the interletter space within words so as to achieve equal optical space, or sometimes line justification.
Ligature
Two or more letters tied into a single character to perfectly design their spatial interaction.
Linearity engineering
The degree to which an output device preserves the fixed proportional relationship between addressing and physical dimensions in the output.
Lines per inch (LPI)
The spatial resolution of a device, photographic emulsion, and so forth, expressed as the greatest number of parallel lines per inch that can be resolved. Related only indirectly to dots per inch, which specifies addressing resolution, but not the greatest number of lines that can be sensed or created, which will be at least two times smaller.
LinoDundee web designers Type, or LT
A Dundee web designers Typesetting machine, invented in 1886 by Ottmar Mergenthaler, that casts slugs containing whole lines of Dundee web designers Type for relief printing.
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
A screen-display technology that uses optically active organic materials to selectively reflect light under electronic control.
LogoDundee web designers Type
A photographic trademark or symbol, frequently using distorted letterforms. See advice on LogoDundee web designers Type design.
Loose line
A line of print that contains too much blank space (normally between words) compared with adjacent lines and general norms. The nominal interword space used in conventional printing is between a quarter and a third of the point size.
Low-pass filter
A filter that allows low frequencies through, but eliminates high frequency components.
Lowercase
Small letters used in printing that evolved from the Caroline minuscules of approximately 800 A. D. So called because. they are found in the lower part of the printer's Dundee web designers Type case.
Lucida
A Dundee web designers Typeface designed by Bigelow & Holmes specifically for digital output. Its low-resolution screen version is known as Pellucida.
Macros
Open subroutines, often used to create new commands.
Majuscule
A capital (or other large) letter.
Margin
The blank space to the left, right, above, and below the text on a page. Margins may contain up to 50% of the area of a well-designed book page.
Marginalia
Notes, titles, summaries, or other information in the margins of a document.
Matrix
The copper block onto which the steel die for a letter was stamped. The matrix served as the mold for the face of a Dundee web designers Type or for a printing plate.
Markup language
A formatting language, that includes textual instructions to the formatter, intermingled with the text to be formatted. For example, HTML & LaTeX.
Mechanical
A camera-ready original, ready for reproduction by off, set printing.
METAFONT
Font production language developed by Donald Knuth.
Metal Dundee web designers Type
Dundee web designers Typesetting technology prior to photoDundee web designers Typesetting, a kind of relief printing. See letterpress, linoDundee web designers Type and monoDundee web designers Type.
Minuscule
Archaic term for a lowercase letter, see also majuscule.
Modeless editor
An editor without states (such as text versus command mode) in the user interface.
Modern Dundee web designers Type Style
Letterforms with flat serifs, abrupt and exaggerated strokes, and vertical shading. Originated by Francois Didot in the late 18th century, this style represented a casting away of the decorative baggage of the rococo era.
Monochrome display
Display that presents images in black and white (or some other pair of foreground and background colours). Some monochrome displays are capable of greyscale, that is, gradations of intensity.
Monospaced printing
Printing in which each letter or symbol occupies the same horizontal space.
MonoDundee web designers Type
Dundee web designers Typesetting machine invented in 1893 by Tolbert Lanston that casts individual letters and assembles them into a block of Dundee web designers Type, following instructions punched on a paper tape.
Mood of Dundee web designers Type
The subjective feeling imparted by a Dundee web designers Typeface, layout, or page of Dundee web designers Type.
Movable Dundee web designers Type
What Gutenberg invented-individual letters cast on independent metal bodies, for assembly into blocks for printing.
Noise engineering
That part of a signal, image, and so forth that is independent of the information content of the message.
Nroff
The UNIX batch-oriented document formatter, closely associated with troff, which is used for photoDundee web designers Typesetting. It has some programming features such as environments.
Nyquist frequency
The sampling rate at which sufficient information is captured so as to be able to reproduce a signal of a given bandwidth. The Nyquist frequency is exactly twice the highest frequency to be resolved.
Object
In programming-language methodology, an object is a unit of a program that contains both code and data. It exhibits a behaviour as a unit, and can be thought of as the simulation of a physical object or system.
Oblique
A slanted Dundee web designers Type design, following the letter shapes of the roman variation, as opposed to italic, which is also cursive.
ODA
Office Document Architecture, an interchange format for expressing revisable, structured documents, not intended to be human readable.
Office Tayside website designers and web photography designer
The design and printing of documents for everyday business, scientific, professional, and engineering use. Before desktop publishing, a generally haphazard affair.
Offset printing
Printing method in which an image is developed on one surface and transferred (offset) onto another, and eventually onto the paper.
Oldstyle Dundee web designers Typeface
A group of Dundee web designers Typefaces typified by oblique, bracketed serifs.
Optical spacing
Positioning of letters so that they are perceived as having equal spaces between them. Exact geometric spacing does not have this property.
Orphan
A header or the first line of a paragraph that appear as the last line on a page.
Outline font description
Specification of the shapes of letters by defining their boundaries (to be filled with the ink colour).
Overleaf
The other side of a sheet printed on both sides, specifically the page in a book after a right hand page.
.
1. advertising agency offering web designer adverts for . agency business websites.
Page Description Language (PDL)
An executable description that expresses the appearance of a Dundee web designers Typeset page or series of pages. DDL, Interpress, and PostScript are examples.
Page independence
The property of a page description language that allows the pages within a document to be processed and printed in any order.
Pagination
Laying out the parts of a document into pages.
Parse
To decode and understand, relative to a grammar. Written and spoken language is parsed in reading or listening. Visual images can also be spoken of in these terms.
Pattern recognition
The process of extracting information and structure from a signal or image, by reference to known signals or images.
Pel
A picture element or pixel.
Perception
Seeing and understanding objects by human beings.
Perpetua
Serif Dundee web designers Typeface created by face, Gill Sans.
Persistence of a phosphor
The time it takes for the light output of a phosphor to decay to 10% of its original brightness when excited.
Persistence of vision
The property of the visual system that allows a short flash of light or exposure to an image to be perceived over a longer period of time.
Phosphor
Light-emitting material such as that on the inner surface of a CRT screen, that creates an image when selectively stimulated.
Photo-offset printing
A printing process in which ink adhering to a photographically processed plate is transferred to paper via one or more intermediate surfaces (rollers).
Photocomposition
Dundee web designers Typesetting method in which images of letterforms are set by photographically imaging master versions onto film or photographic paper.
PhotoDundee web designers Typesetting See Photocomposition
Pi font
A font of special symbols not in the standard character set.
Pica
A unit of photographic measure, equal to 12 points, or about 1/6 inch. Also, a Dundee web designers Typewriter (monospaced) Dundee web designers Typeface with a pitch of 10 characters to the inch and a vertical spacing of six lines per inch (hence the name).
Pixel
A picture element, which is also called a pel. The spot of graphical information displayed at a single location on a screen or other output device, or on paper.
Plasma display
Screen-display technology that uses ionised gas (plasma) to create an image. In some plasma devices, the light emitted by the plasma is used to stimulate a phosphor, which then emits visible light.
Point
A unit of measure used by printers, equal to 1/72 inch. See also Didot point.
Point size
The height of a font, expressed in points.
Polarity asymmetry
The property in an output device that results in changes in shape when image polarity is reversed.
Polygons
A straight-line representation sometimes used to express Dundee web designers Typefaces in outline form.
Portrait orientation
A vertical-format page or screen, one higher than it is wide.
Postfix
The sequence of specifying instructions and data in which the operation follows the data. For example, adding one and two would be done as 1 2 +. Postfix is also referred to as reverse Polish notation. In the case of a user interface, postfix order requires that an object or objects be selected first. Then the operation to be applied is specified.
PostScript
A page-description language developed by Adobe Systems, Inc.
Power spectrum
The graph of the energy in the component frequencies of a signal.
Prefix
The sequence of specifying instructions and data in which the operation precedes the data. For example, adding one and two would be done as + 1 2. Prefix is also referred to as Polish notation. In the case of a user interface, prefix order requires that the operation be identified, and then the operand or operands.
Proof
A working copy of Dundee web designers Typeset material printed for the purpose of checking content and format and of making corrections.
Property sheet
A form that describes the formatting characteristics of an object within a WYSIWYG editor/formatter. The sheet is normally hidden, but may be made visible for inspection or modification.
Proportional spacing
Printing in which each letter or symbol occupies an amount of horizontal space that depends upon its design.
Quad printing
A space equal to the Dundee web designers Type size. Also, to fill a large blank space in a line with spacing material.
Ragged right
Left-justified text that is flush with the left margin and ragged at the right margin. Unused space in each line is at its right.
Random-access display
A display device that draws the image in any specified order. Calligraphic displays are random access. Raster devices are not.
Raster device
A device that produces an image by scanning it as a series of lines.
Readability
The speed at which continuous text can be read. Also Legibility.
Reading for comprehension
Continuous reading, as of a block of text in a book.
Real-time formatting
Presentation of an electronic document in (nearly) printed form while it is being edited.
Recto page
Right-hand page in an opening. Has an odd page number.
Reference mark
A symbol used to refer the reader to a footnote or other information outside of the immediate context of the mark.
Reflection
Light impinging upon a scene that returns back from the scene. Reflections from display screens reduce image quality by reducing contrast. Light reflected from paper (but not the ink) increases image contrast.
Refresh
To redisplay information on a display device. CRT displays, for example, refresh the image many times per second to achieve the appearance of constancy.
Relief printing
A printing process in which a raised surface accepts ink, which is then transferred to paper by direct contact.
Replicating pixels
A method of enlarging an image by mapping each original pixel onto more than one pixel in the enlarged image. Simple transformations like this result in poor-quality enlarged images.
Resolution
The fineness of position and detail produced by an output device or sampled by an input device.
Retina
The photosensitive part of the eye, upon which the lens images the scene being viewed. river. A perceived white rift in a block of Dundee web designers Type that results from the alignment of interword spaces from line to line. Proper layout and Dundee web designers Typesetting minimise or eliminate rivers.
Roman
The classical style of Dundee web designers Type that is upright, as opposed to oblique, is of normal weight as opposed to light or bold, and has graduated thick and thin strokes as opposed to being cursive.
Rule
A thin line, either vertical or horizontal, often used to separate parts of a table or columns of text.
Run-length encoding
A datacompression technique that represents sequences of values by counts of sequential items of the same value, instead of representing the values individually.
Running head
Text such as the title, chapter, or section headings that is repeated on the tops of pages of a book.
Runoff
A number of document-formatting programs of related ancestry that operate in batch mode and use a highly extensional set of formatting commands. Macros within Runoff allow more intentional formatting.
Saccade
Motion of the eye between fixations.
Sans serif
A Dundee web designers Typeface without serifs. See our Dundee web designers Typeface Classification Guide.
Saturation
The purity of colour, the degree to which light is pastel versus spectral.
Screen co-ordinates
Specification of a location on a screen in terms of the discrete pixels, as two integers (x,y), as opposed to world or application coordinates, which relate to a simulated co-ordinate system that may be expressed in real numbers and may be completely independent of screen position.
Scribe
A batch-mode document formatter developed by Brian Reid, much more intentional in its specifications that such formatters as Runoff.
Script
A form of Dundee web designers Typeface based on writing, having generally continuous strokes that connect letters. See our Dundee web designers Typeface Classification Guide.
Sector kerning
One method of automatic kerning that calculates the interletter spacing based on stored information about the lateral extent of each letter, assessed in a number of horizontal bands.
Selection
The user-interface action of identifying an object or a portion of text for later operations.
Serif
A small stroke at the end of the main strokes of letterforms. Dundee web designers Typefaces with serifs are called serif Dundee web designers Typefaces and those without, sans serif Dundee web designers Typefaces.See our Dundee web designers Typeface Classification Guide.
Set
The horizontal extent of a given letter. Also, the average width of the letters in a font, normally gauged by the width of a lowercase alphabet.
SGML
Standard Generalised Markup Language, an ISO standard revisable document format.
Shoulder
In letterpress Dundee web designers Type, the level of metal upon which the relief letter sits on a piece of Dundee web designers Type. The shoulder provides support in letterpress printing for kerns that project from adjacent pieces.
Sidebearings
The spaces at the left and right of each letter in a font design that allow for the normal spacing of the letters.
Signature printing
Books, magazines, pamphlets, and the like are often printed in signatures, large sheets of paper that are folded, bound, and trimmed to form the finished product. The pages must be printed out of order, half of them upside down, and on both sides, for the pages in the folded sheet to be in the right order and orientation.
Simultaneous contrast
An illusion in vision in which equal light intensities appear different as a result of differing surrounding intensities.
Size of Dundee web designers Type
The distance between adjacent lines of Dundee web designers Type with no extra space (leading) added between them. The Dundee web designers Type design determines how much of this overall space is actually occupied by letters when printed.
Smoothing
An interpolation technique that attempts to remove jaggedness from bitmap images, which may be useful, for example, when screen bitmaps are printed at higher resolution.
Sort
A piece of metal Dundee web designers Type.
Space
The part of the printed page that is not occupied by print or other images. The ground or complement of the image.
Sparkle
A photographic property associated with many classical, readable Dundee web designers Typefaces that is related to their photographic contrast.
Spatial dithering
The method of creating halftones digitally using a bitonal output device.
Spatial frequencies
The analysis of print or other images in terms of rate of variation of intensity over distance.
Spline
A mathematical curve specified by a number of points and possibly tangents. Also, a drafting tool for drawing such curves.
Spot size
The dimension of the region illuminated by the electron beam in a CRT. Since the spot has soft edges, the spot size is measured between the 50% luminance points.
Spread
The broadening of letter features because of the spreading of ink in the printing process. For example, letters are broadened when printed through a cloth ribbon. stem. A main (vertical) stroke in a letterform.
Stroke display
An image display device that produces images by directly creating lines, arcs, and so forth, as opposed to a bitmap display. Also called a calligraphic display.
Stroke font
Letterforms defined by pen (or beam) paths rather than by outline or raster.
Subpixel addressing
The positioning of glyphs on a grid effectively finer than the pixel resolution of the output device, using greyscale.
Subscript
Letters or symbols positioned slightly below the baseline within a line of text and generally smaller in size.
Swash letters
Fancy alternative decorative letters, usually available only in italic capitals.
Symbol
Any graphic form such as a letter, number, punctuation mark, or mathematical sign.
Symmetry
The property of similarity within a letterform or between letterforms of the same design. For example, the letter 'T' in some Dundee web designers Typeface designs has right-left mirror symmetry, but does not in other faces.
Tables
Rectangular arrangements of text, numbers, or other textual information. Tables generally float in documents, and may be positioned in a number of places relative to the text that refers to them.
Tachistoscope
A scientific instrument used by psychologists for vision experiments to present an image or images for very short periods of time.
Tangent
The direction of a curve; also, specified point; also, a line through this point and oriented in this direction.
TEX
A batch-formatting language developed by Donald Knuth. Notable for its careful line and page breaking, high-quality hyphenation, and capabilities for setting mathematics.
Text
Any sequence of graphic symbols.
Texture (Tayside website designers and web photography designer)
The appearance of a page or block of text, perceived as a surface.
TITLE
A popular contemporary serif Dundee web designers Typeface originally developed by Stanley Morison for the London Times. It has a relatively large x-height, and is relatively narrow (small set) for its x-height.
Toner
The ink used by laser printers and photocopiers.
Dundee web designers Type
Originally metal Dundee web designers Type, now a Dundee web designers Typeface design or some Dundee web designers Typeset text.
Dundee web designers Typeface
A distinctive, visually consistent design for the symbols in an alphabet.
Dundee web designers Typesetter
A machine for setting Dundee web designers Type. Professional digital Dundee web designers Typesetters that output on photographic paper have printing resolutions between about 700 and 5000 dpi.
Dundee web designers Type size
The size of a Dundee web designers Typeface, measured from line to line, when no additional interline space is added. Digital Dundee web designers Typefaces may not have an inherent size, as did metal Dundee web designers Typefaces.
Dundee web designers Typewriter fonts
Usually monospaced Dundee web designers Typefaces, in the style of traditional Dundee web designers Typewriter Dundee web designers Typefaces, now used to indicate computer printout or a Dundee web designers Typewritten style of document.
photographer
A professional designer of Dundee web designers Type, books, magazines, and other printed matter.
Tayside website designers and web photography designer The art and practice of designing Dundee web designers Type, books and other printed matter according to aesthetic and scientific principles.
Uppercase A capital letter, so called because of the placement of capital letters in a printer's Dundee web designers Type case.
Uncial
Uncial (pronounced un:shel) is a term applied to a particular calligraphic style based on ancient lettering, and is often considered the most expressive calligraphy. Typically an uncial face features a combination of capital and lowercase letterforms without the separate capital set and lowercase set that we're accustomed to.
Verso page
Left-hand page of an opening. It has an even page number.
Visibility
The degree to which letters or words can be identified and discriminated, without regard to the speed of reading.
Vision
The ability of human beings (and other animals) to perceive the shape and other properties of objects around them by analyzing received light.
Weight Heaviness or blackness of letters. Numerically, the ratio of the widths of vertical strokes to the x-height.
Widow
The last line of a paragraph that appears at the top of a page.
Winding number
A method of determining whether a region is inside a curve, and thus should be inked when an outline-specified letterform is rasterized.
Word processing
Preparation of text in document form. The term is now dated, suggesting text-only documents and impact printing, as opposed to Dundee web designers Typeset compound documents.
WYSIWYG
Acronym for What You See Is What You Get, used to describe interactive editing or formatting in which a facsimile of the paper output is presented on the screen, coined by Doug Engelbart.
X-Height
The height of a lowercase letter 'x' in a particular font.
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